Old wine in a postmodern bottle: Aleksandr Dugin’s “Fourth political theory” and Aurel Kolnai’s War against the West

Faculty of Theology and Philosophy, Australian Catholic University, Parkdale, Australia

Abstract The first section reconstructs Dugin’s claims to have charted a “fourth political theory” (4PT), which would have broken from “fascism” and “Nazism”, the “third political theory” (as well liberalism and communism, the first and second “PTs” respectively). The second section of the paper critically unpacks four Duginian claims to defend this position, despite his avowed recourse to intellectuals who became Nazi Party Members and public advocates of the Third Reich, led by Martin Heidegger and Carl Schmitt. In the third section, we assess whether Dugin’s substantive claims hold up about “Nazism” and “fascism”, which enable him to present his 4PT as “anti-Nazi/fascist/racist”, by recourse to Aurel Kolnai’s monumental 1938 work The War on the West : the most extensive anglophone examination of the intellectual sources, texts, and parameters of “the Nazi creed, … its fundamental principles and its details” (Kolnai 1938: 18). Our argument is that Dugin’s “4PT” involves a more or less clever ideological repackaging of the “3PT” in the face of continuing horror at the Nazi’s crimes, rather than a novel political theory, based on a “retreat[ing] from the “sub-standard” Hitler to the “eminent” Spengler, Heidegger or Nietzsche” (Lukács 1980: p. 8).

Postmodernism
Political philosophy
Wine
Politics
Bottle
Political science
History
Philosophy
Epistemology
Law
Art
Archaeology


A dialética da demofobia em Florestan Fernandes: entre democracia forte e autocracia burguesa

Alexander Couto Englander
Ronaldo Tadeu de Souza
Thais Florencio de Aguiar

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Centro de Estudos de Cultura Contemporânea

Revista do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros

Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros

This article investigates the shift in Florestan Fernandes' sociological approaches to themes directly related to politics, since his reflections on fascism in Latin America, the autocratic-bourgeois model of capitalist transformation and the important course on authoritarianism, at PUC-SP. Therefore, we suggest that Fernandes presented to the public and intellectual debate theories that assess the barriers to democratization in Brazil. Emerges in his texts a strong democracy, restricted, which routinely adopts authoritarianism, characterized by what some contemporary theorists conceptualize as demophobia.


The Language of the Third Reich and of the Bolsonaro Government / A Linguagem do Terceiro Reich e a do Governo Bolsonaro

Programa de pós graduação da Universidade Veiga de Almeida/RJ e Bolsista do Cnpq

Universidade Veiga de Almeida -Rua Ibituruna 108 vila casa III -RJ, Brasil

Professora dos Programas de Pós-graduação em Psicanálise, Saúde e Sociedade da Universidade Veiga de Almeida (RJ). Doutora em Comunicação e Cultura (UFRJ). Psicanalista. Pesquisadora do Laboratório Latino Americano de Psicopatologia Fundamental. Bolsista de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq. Editora Responsável da revista on-line Trivium: estudos interdisciplinares

This conference was held on October 23, 2020, virtually, at the invitation of the Après-Coup based in New York and had the intends to show how the current Brazilian government has been using the language and aesthetics of the Third Reich in its statements to the nation and its institutional advertisements, in accord with its stance toward fascism. This development does not, however, seem to be exclusive to Brazil: the fascist state of mind has been spreading in other “democracies” across the planet.

Government (linguistics)
Nazi Germany
State (computer science)
Economic history
Political science
History
Politics
Law
Philosophy
Linguistics


Britain’s Contemporary Extreme Right in Context

The scholarly literature on British fascism is not lacking in research monographs and edited collections examining every aspect of the subject-history, ideology, leaders, organisational developments, electoral support, discourse, social movements, subcultures, and transnational links.1 What has been missing until recently has been a more basic introduction aimed at readers, not steeped in the literature.The two titles under consideration here both draw on that rich seam of scholarship but are deliberately written to appeal to a nonspecialist audience.

Appeal
Scholarship
Ideology
Subject (documents)
Context (archaeology)
Extreme right
Sociology
Media studies
History
Political science
Politics
Law
Library science


Advertising communications in the context of the commercial culture of the interwar period of the 20th century in Italy and Germany

The aim of the study is to identify the ways in which the fascist regime attracted a significant portion of advertising professionals, who were responsible for conveying commercial messages to residents of Italy and Germany during the interwar period (1918-1939), to its side. The article analyzes the relationship between the regimes, advertising campaigns, and commercial structures. Based on archival materials introduced into Russian scholarly discourse for the first time the study demonstrates that fascism, using methods of both terror and seduction, managed to enlist the support of representatives of the advertising industry, who transmitted not only commercial but also ideological messages to the mass consumer. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the analysis of fascist communications and the comparative study of the use of mass media, advertising, and propaganda in the two countries. On the one hand, the management of mass media by the governments of Germany and Italy is one of the most studied features of the fascist and Nazi eras. However, on the other hand, historiography has largely concentrated on the political side of this history, neglecting the commercial aspect. The study shows that advertising became the “economic propaganda” of the two regimes in Italy and Germany, a key element in the fascization of the collective imagination in the 1930s in both countries. Contrary to many reconstructions developed in the process of describing the history of advertising in Italy and Germany in the second half of the century and at the beginning of the current one, advertising was by no means ignored by the regime and was not opposed to fascism. If anything, it played a prominent role in its existence from the very beginning.


The Italian Communist Party, Wars and Revolutions

School of History, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK, d.sassoon@qmul.ac.uk

Notebooks The Journal for Studies on Power

Communism
Political science
Cold war
Path (computing)
Communist state
Political economy
Economic history
Law
Sociology
Politics
History
Computer science


ANICA KOVAČIČ: THE SLOVENIAN FRIEND OF ANNE FRANK

University of Ljubljana
State University of Tetova

APEAA/Associação Portuguesa de Estudos Anglo-Americanos/Portuguese Association for Anglo-American Studies

The article presents a qualitative analysis of an interview conducted by I. Jovanović and I. Šaponja with Anica Kovačič (née Mislej) as part of the “A Century of European Anti-Fascism” project. The Croatian newspaper Vijesnik reported as early as 1965 that Anica knew Anne Frank, met her daily in the Bergen-Belsen camp, and that the author of one of the most famous Holocaust testimonies died in the arms of her “Slovenian friend." This article sheds light on the details of Anica Mislej’s life and her friendship with Anne Frank.


Samuel Štefan Osuský’s Critique of Church and Society in the Face of Totalitarianism

Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe

This paper provides a systematic review analysis of the relevant works of Slovak philosopher and theologian Samuel Štefan Osuský (1888-1975), focusing on his critical perspective concerning the responses of the Church (mainly the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Augsburg Confession in Slovakia) and society to the ideological and political dangers of fascism and Nazism in 20th-century Central Europe. Drawing on his major writings, including his prophetic 1937 lecture "Filozofia boľševizmu, fašizmu a hitlerizmu" [The Philosophy of Bolshevism, Fascism, and Hitlerism] and the courageous 1942 "Pastiersky list k židovskej otázke" [Pastoral Letter on the Jewish Question], we explore Osuský’s diagnosis of institutional failures, his conception of the Church’s prophetic role, his proposed Christian ethic of resistance, his critique of the societal conditions fostering extremism, and the core philosophical and theological principles underpinning his thought. We also trace Osuský’s intellectual evolution from humanist philosophy to apocalyptic theology, examining how his experience of resistance, which led to his imprisonment by both fascist and communist regimes, shaped his understanding of totalitarianism as pseudoreligion. The paper concludes by considering Osuský’s enduring relevance for contemporary church-state relations in Central and Eastern Europe, where democratic institutions face renewed challenges from authoritarian movements that instrumentalize religious symbols for political purposes.

Face (sociological concept)
Philosophy
Religious studies
Theology
Sociology
Political science
Social science


Kay Sage, Modern Architecture, and the Tyranny of Geometry

Pound (networking)
Architecture
Painting
Parallels
Modernism (music)
Art history
Politics
Friendship
Art
Carr
Classics
Sociology
Visual arts
Law
Engineering
Political science


Forum Italicum A Journal of Italian Studies

Dynamism
Friendship
Politics
Energy (signal processing)
Sociology
Classics
History
Political science
Epistemology
Philosophy
Law
Social science
Mathematics


Introduction: The Cultural Axis Between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany

University of Groningen, The Netherlands

In setting the scene for the articles featured in the special issue, the Introduction provides a brief overview of the literature on the Axis between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany from its origins until the present day. While traditionally the historiography has overlooked culture as a point of contact between the two regimes, there is a small, but growing, body of recent research on the topic, which is often inspired by transnational, comparative, and global history. Thus, the introduction presents the cultural entanglements of Fascism and National Socialism as fertile ground for new research.

Nazism
Political science
Nazi Germany
Economic history
History
Law
Politics


SOBRE O CONSERVADORISMO E FASCISMO: ALGUMAS QUESTÕES PRELIMINARES

This essay makes a theoretical review on the conservative ideas and notes on fascism referenced in Marx and Engels, Lukács, Escorsin Netto and Chasin, among others. It puts the emergence and entrenchment of conservatism in historical perspective, examining in the field of social relations the scope, depth and its possibilities in the country's culture. Notes that conservatism is practically born and develops with Brazil itself, and that although the desire, the flirtation and, perhaps, even the concrete opportunity for the emergence of a fascist apparatus in fact has not been lacking, this has not occurred, at least not until now.

Conservatism
Scope (computer science)
Perspective (graphical)
Sociology
Field (mathematics)
Humanities
Philosophy
Political science
Law
Art
Politics


Jeopardizing Democracy by Shrinking Participation? Two Years of Giorgia Meloni’s Government

Nuovi Autoritarismi e Democrazie Diritto Istituzioni Società (NAD-DIS)

The Government led by Giorgia Meloni has now ruled Italy for two years. When she became Prime Minister, some commentators were worried about her fascist heritage. While so far, she has not resurrected fascism, if one believes participation and public discussion are the core to democracy, then the actions of the Meloni Government should be monitored closely. In particular, this concerns three reforms, here described, which shrink citizens’ role in democracy and, in this way, possibly start jeopardizing it

Democracy
Resizing
Government (linguistics)
Political science
Political economy
Public administration
Sociology
Economics
Politics
Law
Economic policy
Philosophy
Linguistics


Rising Threats in the US <i>It Can Happen Here: White Power and the Rising Threat of Genocide in the US</i>

Hunter College and the Graduate Center City University of New York

PoLAR Political and Legal Anthropology Review

Offensive
Presidency
Authoritarianism
Apprehension
Genocide
Political science
Power (physics)
Consolidation (business)
White (mutation)
History
Political economy
Media studies
Economic history
Development economics
Sociology
Law
Politics
Democracy
Psychology
Management


New findings under state grant of “Kazakhs in the Second World War: new documents from foreign archives” (2018-2020)

Mendikulova G.M.
Tumabayev T.S.
Koblandin K.I.

Л.Н. Гумилев атындағы Еуразия ұлттық университеті, Астана, Қазақстан

Bulletin of the Karaganda university History Philosophy series

The participation of Kazakhs in the movement of resistance in Europe is a glorious page of both Kazakh and European history. The study and use of archival documents that shed light on the participation of Kazakhs in the fight against fascism, on the fate of people who were captured by the fascists, the discovery of the burials of fallen heroes, the restoration of the names of people who were officially considered missing, is an important part of the formation and preservation of the historical memory of the Kazakh people. Complex interdisciplinary study of the problems of the participation of Kazakhs in the Second World War in European countries, is a priority task of the International Research Project “Kazakhs in the Second World War: new documents from foreign archives” under the leadership of a doctor of historical sciences, professor G.M. Mendikulova. In the article, documents about the participation of Kazakhs in the movement of resistance in Europe, identified by the authors in foreign archives, are analyzed. Thousands of Soviet people, prisoners of war and civilians, who were taken to the West by the fascists, ended up in camps, forced labor in Belgian mines, factories, and farms. However, many of them did not accept their participation. People entered into an unequal struggle with fascist invaders, escaped from concentration camps, created partisan detachments. They defeated the enemy together with European patriots. The testimonies of eyewitnesses, certificates, reports on the actions of partisan detachments, documents on losses and burials found in the archives allow to restore and make public the history of the exploits of Kazakhs who heroically fought against fascism in Europe

Kazakh
Adversary
State (computer science)
World War II
Resistance (ecology)
Political science
Law
Spanish Civil War
History


Professore emerito di Filologia della letteratura italiana, Università Cattolica, Milano

Rendiconti. Classe di lettere e scienze morali e storiche

Giovanni Galbiati, “Prefetto” of the Ambrosian Library from 1924 to 1951, effective member of the Istituto Lombardo since 1928, chaired the Milanese Committee of the Italian Dante Society from 1935 to 1944. Close to fascism, he organized, and then edited, the publication of numerous Dante’s conferences promoted by the Milanese Committee. These conferences, moving very often, like many of Galbiati’s premises to the volumes, on the cultural lines of the fascist party, illustrate in an exemplary negative way, how Dante’s work could be bent to interests and ends completely unrelated to it.

Humanities
Media studies
Political science
Art
Sociology


The Global Roots of Modern Indian Radical Nationalism

Hindutva
Nationalism
Nazism
Ideology
Radical right
Political science
Hinduism
Hindu nationalism
Religious studies
Shadow (psychology)
Economic history
Political economy
Politics
History
Law
Sociology
Philosophy


Journal of the American Geriatrics Society

Cover captions: This cover from a 1926 issue of Life magazine depicts a “dance of life.” The artist, John Held Jr (January 10, 1889–March 2, 1958) was an American cartoonist, printmaker, illustrator, sculptor, and author, and one of the best-known magazine illustrators of the 1920s. At first glance, this happy illustration appears contradictory to the poem's emotion. However, we all know how the roaring twenties ended with the onset of the Great Depression and the subsequent growth of fascism and untold death and destruction. See the related article by Paul Rousseau, page 1679.

Cartoonist
Cover (algebra)
Medicine
Art history
Poetry
Printmaking
Visual arts
Literature
Art
Painting
Law
Politics


Fascist Internationalism: From a Vanished Institution to a Failed Concept?

During the early 1930s, a number of fascist international organisations emerged in Europe and East Asia. Italy's ambition to universalise fascism led to the establishment of the Action Committees for the Universality of Rome (Comitati d’Azione per l’Universalità di Roma, CAUR) in mid-1933. Meanwhile, some months earlier, Japan's continental expansion and the founding of Manchukuo brought about the creation of the Greater Asia Association (Dai Ajia Kyōkai). For a moment, it seemed that the time had come for a proper fascist international aimed at an ultranationalist revision of the League of Nations and at fighting the Comintern on a global level. During the 1930s, fascist internationalism was the ideology-driven motor beyond such projects. However, by the latter half of the decade, all of them had failed. In Europe, heightened competition between Germany and Italy left little space for a pan-European fascist organisation. In Asia, the colonial context of the region and Japan's expansion placed almost insurmountable obstacles in the way of an East Asian fascist international, and it turned out that the connection between the two centres of gravitation in Asia and Europe would not be established through any kind of fascist international organisation. This article discusses how and why the fascist internationals of the early 1930s vanished, stressing that, in the end, the rising Axis alliance was much more driven by transimperial radicalisation. In other words, Italy, Germany and Japan did not rely on a proper fascist international institution to plunge the world into a new world war. Nonetheless, as this article shows, the manner of the failure and vanishing of fascist internationalism is essential in understanding the scope and nature of global fascism in the interwar years.

Internationalism (politics)
Political science
Institution
Economic history
History
Political economy
Sociology
Law
Politics


Understanding the Question ‘What is Philosophy?’ in the Apocalyptic ‘End of Time’

Authoritarianism
Communism
Capitalism
Socialism
Nazism
Politics
Liberalism
End of history
Political philosophy
Democracy
Nationalism
Philosophy
Law
Political science
Sociology
Epistemology
Political economy


Transatlantic Radicalism: Socialist and Anarchist Exchanges in the 19th and 20th Centuries

Labor Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas

Political radicalism
Political science
Political economy
Economic history
Sociology
Politics
History
Law


The Fascist Origin of Modern Chinese Criminal Law? Revisiting Attilio Lavagna’s Contribution to the Chinese Penal Code of 1935

Northwestern University - Department of History

Law
Criminal law
Criminal code
Code (set theory)
Criminal procedure
Chinese law
Political science
Criminology
Sociology
Comparative law
Private law
Computer science


The colonial face casts of Nello Puccioni: an emblematic case from Italy's fascist period

Francesca Bigoni
Fausto Barbagli
Fabio Di Vincenzo

Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze - Sede di Antropologia e Etnologia

Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università degli Studi di Firenze - Sede La Specola

Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale - Sapienza Università di Roma

Archivio per l Antropologia e la Etnologia

This article focuses, for the first time, on an in depth and systematic study of the face casts production of the Florentine anthropologist Nello Puccioni. The face casts are housed at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology of the University of Florence. Puccioni took the face casts in the course of his expeditions to Somalia (1924 and 1935) and Libya (1928 and 1929) during the Italian colonial occupation in Africa. This collection represents an emblematic case study of sensitive artefacts created, displayed and disseminated during fascism. This research represents an essential step in the well-needed process of decolonization of the Florentine museum and its contents.

Period (music)
Face (sociological concept)
Colonial period
History
Colonialism
Ancient history
Art
Archaeology
Philosophy
Aesthetics
Linguistics


Gentilejeva šolska reforma in slovensko šolstvo na Primorskem 1918–1943

Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb 2023 253

Dileme razprave o vprašanjih sodobne slovenske zgodovine

The article discusses the history of the educational system in the Slovene Littoral (Primorska) in the interwar period, focusing on the northern part of the region. It highlights assimilation pressures that started with the Italian occupation at the end of the First World War and intensified with the rise of fascism. In detail, it presents the impact of the school reform of 1923, which was named after the education minister of the time, Giovanni Gentile; in the next twenty years, this reform enabled a systematic denationalisation of Slovenians in Italy and opened the field of education to fascist ideology. Activities in defence of the nation, which relied foremost on patriotic families and Slovenian priests, largely negated this denationalisation.

Ideology
Period (music)
Economic history
Political science
First world war
History
Law
Ancient history
Politics
Art


The Pioneer’s Feast: Colonial Menus in Italian East Africa

Department of Romance Languages, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA

Colonialism
Human settlement
Settlement (finance)
Battlefield
Power (physics)
Narrative
Economic history
History
Political science
Economy
Ancient history
Law
Art
Archaeology
Business
Economics
Finance
Literature


The radical change during the Second World War in Chinese historiography: truth and fiction

Lyailya Khusnutdinova
Aleksandr Orishev
Maxim Sherstyuk

Victory
Historiography
Militarism
World War II
China
History
Literature
First world war
Ancient history
Political science
Law
Politics
Art


E. Fromm: European culture and German National Socialism

Protestantism
Ideology
Individualism
Socialism
Nazism
German
Religious studies
Character (mathematics)
Sociology
Philosophy
Gender studies
Political science
Law
Politics
Communism


2022, Pagina 156 L'educazione alla libertà Dal Fronte della Cultura alla Casa della Cultura: Banfi, Vittorini e la costruzione di una «cultura per tutti» dopo la Liberazione di Marzio Zanantoni

dal 1932 Docente di Storia della filosofia e poi di Estetica presso l'Università Statale di Milano ed Elio Vittorini, scrittore e organizzatore culturale, all'interno del Partito comunista clandestino prima e dello stesso Partito nell'Italia liberata poi,

Il tema della elaborazione o costruzione di una cultura per tutti e dunque di una eduzione e istruzione

Casa della Cultura Una nuova educazione dell'umanità per una nuova

The essay presents the debate between national PCI and Milan’s PCI about the building of a new popular culture after the fall of fascism. The philosopher Antonio Banfi and the writer Elio Vittorini were the protagonists of this period. Banfi had already analysed this issue in the “Fronte della cultura” and in the programmes of the “Casa della Cultura” of Milan, while Vittorini had intervened with some articles published in the Florentine periodical «Il Bargello» then recalled in «Il Politecnico». Their point of view would have been questioned by national PCI in which prevailed the cultural approach inspired by Gramsci’s «Quaderni del carcere» that came out in the same years

Conventional PCI
Humanities
Popular culture
Art
Art history
Period (music)
Sociology
Gender studies
Literature
Aesthetics
Psychology


A special resolution had the president of the Confederation of Latin American Workers (CTAL), Vicente Lombardo Toledano, travelling all around the continent in the months following the confederation’s First General Congress. The trip was planned to be between August and December of 1942 and included 12 countries; it was an opportunity to consolidate the continental unionism organized around CTAL. During the trip there were acknowledgements, workers’ renewed expectations that they would indeed achieve labour rights, as well as conflicts due to CTAL’s political, union and strategic influence. The popular workers’ unity, the opposition to “nazi-fascism” and the desire for a better future for the continent were all part of the scope of the trip.


Thought Leadership and Women’s Liberation Politics

Claudia Jones’ life and intellectual work have made impactful contributions in several spaces, including Marxist-Leninist ideology and anti-imperialism discourse. This review analyzes The Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones written by Carol Boyce Davies. Davies offers valuable insight into Jones’ anti-imperialist ideas, which are layered as she believed imperialism was the root cause of racism and fascism. Further- more, Davies draws upon a wide range of Jones’ journalistic pieces to highlight the impact she has had in areas like Communist ideology and women’s political liberation.

Ideology
Marxist philosophy
Communism
Politics
Racism
Liberation movement
Sociology
Gender studies
Aesthetics
Political science
Law
Philosophy


Relation (database)
Interpretation (philosophy)
Reading (process)
Politics
History
Aesthetics
Sociology
Epistemology
Philosophy
Political science
Law
Linguistics


Security of Arctic frontiers: ecology, history, images of the future: Proceedings of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference (Murmansk, October 27–28, 2022)

The publication is a collection of reports of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference "Security of Arctic frontiers: ecology, history, images of the future" held on October 27–28, 2022. The conference proceedings address topical issues related to science and environmental protection in the Arctic, issues of peace, stability and sustainable international development in the Arctic, the history of the discovery and development of Arctic territories, as well as issues of preserving the historical memory of the victory over fascism during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The publication will be useful to researchers, teachers, students, postgraduates and anyone interested in the problems of environment, history and prospects of the development of the Arctic zone.

Arctic
The arctic
Sustainable development
Victory
Political science
Geography
Ecology
Engineering ethics
Oceanography
Engineering
Law
Geology
Biology


Monuments of Italian Colonialism as a Transcultural Heritage

Roma Tre University/Bibliotheca Hertziana – Max Planck Institute for Art History, Rome, Italy

Colonialism
History
Anthropology
Art
Ancient history
Sociology
Archaeology


Murmansk Regional Branch of the Russian Geographical Society Murmansk State Technical University

Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Production Center «Northern Character» SECURITY OF ARCTIC FRONTIERS: ECOLOGY,

The publication is a collection of reports of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference «Security of Arctic frontiers: ecology, history, images of the future» held on October 27–28, 2022. The conference proceedings address topical issues related to science and environmental protection in the Arctic, issues of peace, stability and sustainable international development in the Arctic, the history of the discovery and development of Arctic territories, as well as issues of preserving the historical memory of the victory over fascism during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The publication will be useful to researchers, teachers, students, postgraduates and anyone interested in the problems of environment, history and prospects of the development of the Arctic zone.

Arctic
The arctic
Sustainable development
Political science
Engineering ethics
Victory
Environmental ethics
Ecology
Oceanography
Engineering
Law
Geology
Biology
Politics


Mussolini’s regime: the concept of consensus in contemporary historiography

One of the pivotal issues in the study of Italian fascism pertains to the question of public consensus under Mussolini’s regime. In the article, the author presents a comprehensive examination of the international historiographic discourse pertaining to this issue, tracing its evolution from the initial works published during the dictatorship to the impassioned debates that arose with the publication of Renzo De Felice’s multi-volume history of the Fascist regime in the 1960–1980s. At the core of De Felice’s research was the examination of the phenomenon of consensus within Italian society between 1920 and 1945. This paper acknowledges the value of De Felice’s contributions but challenges the methodological principles, research methods, and the conceptualisation of fascism as a long-term political strategy, particularly the notion of “Mussolinism” as a distinct form of “left-wing totalitarianism”. De Felice’s interpretation initially posited a consensus comprising new political forces and established elite structures. However, by the mid-1930s, this consensus had acquired a mass character, effectively eliminating the necessity for recourse to violence and endowing Mussolini’s regime with a distinctive quality: “incomplete totalitarianism”. De Felice’s analysis suggests that the collapse of the Fascist regime in Italy was primarily the result of a combination of miscalculations by the military and political leadership, coupled with inherent weaknesses in the system itself, rather than being driven by the erosion of mass consent. The historiographical debate surrounding the issue of consensus has been shaped by the works of Marxist historians and left-wing democrats who have opposed De Felice’s views. Additionally, the perspectives of liberals and regime apologists have contributed to this ongoing discussion. The 1990s saw the debate continue to evolve, encompassing both local and social historical analysis.

Elite
Historiography
Politics
Dictatorship
Interpretation (philosophy)
Sociology
Phenomenon
Marxist philosophy
Law
Epistemology
Political science
Democracy
Philosophy
Linguistics


Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Historisches Institut

This article outlines the reception of Vilfredo Pareto's sociology in Germany, where he has been considered a classic since the 1950s but could never reach the importance of Max Weber or Georg Simmel. Pareto's reception began in the 1920s with a focus on the theory of action, the concept of circulation of elites, and the sociology of knowledge. Until the late 1940s, the German image of Pareto was largely shaped by political perspectives and the discussion of his relation to fascism. Since the 1950s, Pareto's theories were increasingly used in empirical research on elites in the social and political sciences. In addition, a small group of Paretian sociologists, in particular Gottfried Eisermann, was committed to the exegesis of the work in order to disseminate Pareto's thought as authentically as possible.

German
Pareto principle
Politics
Relation (database)
Sociology
Epistemology
Exegesis
Positive economics
Focus (optics)
Order (exchange)
Social science
Economics
Law
Political science
Philosophy
Computer science
Linguistics


Homo Novus in the Conquest of the Empire: The Playful Element in Fascist Propaganda and Pedagogy: A Case Study

The Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–1936) represents, par excellence, the war of fascism for fascism. It is no coincidence that the extensive use of military resources was accompanied by an extraordinary propaganda campaign, which also had clear and evident pedagogical implications. The regime, at the peak of its consensus and in the full deployment of its totalitarian vocation, took on the objective of raising the young and very young generations “to the level of the Empire.” The pedagogical project of the homo novus experienced a qualitative leap. The combination of war and Africa, filled with heroic fascination and ancestral mystery, stroke the imagination of teachers, educators, textbook compilers, and, similarly, excited the imagination of the youth. The enthusiasm generated by propaganda, or the propaganda itself artificially returned to the public sphere, promoted the psychological dynamics of “celebration” and play. Although fascist pedagogy underestimated the relationship between learning and play, the playful element actually emerged as an important factor in political mobilization and, above all, imperialistic education. The didactic strategies of elementary school teachers, developed in preparation for and during the African conflict, are proof of this. However, even the private industry aligned itself with the pedagogical influences of the regime, introducing a wide variety of toys on the market that served to shape an imperialist, warlike, chauvinistic, and racist mentality. The province of Perugia is undoubtedly an interesting field of investigation: on the territory of the “capital of the fascist revolution,” starting from 1923, governing groups making loyalty to the Duce the driving force of their political rise took over the institutional and administrative structures. But that’s not all: unlike elsewhere, the Gentile reform enjoyed widespread consensus in Perugia from the beginning. Moreover, the majority of teachers joined Mussolini’s movement from the very beginning.

Enthusiasm
Empire
Element (criminal law)
Politics
Excellence
Sociology
Aesthetics
Political science
Law
Psychology
Art
Social psychology


‘To conceal domination in production’: Horkheimer and Adorno’s critical functionalist theory of race

Department of Philosophy, Saint Mary’s College, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Department of Philosophy, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Racialization
Race (biology)
Critical theory
Critical race theory
Sociology
Dialectic
Enlightenment
Epistemology
Capitalism
Gender studies
Philosophy
Politics
Law
Political science


INDIVIDUAL AND SYSTEMIC VIOLENCE IN THE GOLDEN LEGEND: AN ANARCHIST STUDY

Department of English Hazara University Mansehra Pakistan

Department of English NUML Islamabad Pakistan

This paper argues that Nadeem Aslam, while taking an anarchist position, explicates the incompatibility between anarchism and violence in his latest noel the Golden Legend. His social teachings, articulated through his fiction, reprobate despotism, propose a new libertarian order and suggest means by which it may be attained. Aslam asserts the primacy of non-political values i.e. Individualism, artistic creativity, moral commitments, romanticism, or simply the common pleasures of everyday living. Since he believes in the human values that promise fulfilment, justice and happiness for all individuals and seeks its perpetuation in the reign of love and toleration of multiple ethnicities and religious entities living in Pakistan, he transcends the lines drawn between humanity by various power groups. The novel demonstrates Aslam’s uncompromising rejection of rites and rituals imposed by a distorted theocratic perspective that border on new-fascism, and is unaccepting of differences. It further sets to prove that Aslam asserts that brand of anarchism which rests on the principle of non-violence. Through a number of harrowing incidents, drawn from the recent history, he exhibits that violence does not help to challenge the state credo; rather, it drives individuals towards it, thus never ending the vicious cycle. He propagates the view that the individual- not the state or state-defined theocratic rule is sovereign; Aslam’s social analysis gives primary precedence to the individual and his personal needs, desires, rather than with society, religion or any other socio-cultural mores, the state or the pattern of history. Keywords: Anarchism, individual autonomy, new-fascism, radicalism, militarism, sovereignty, state organs.

Sociology
Mores
Politics
Law
Social order
Political science


Reflections on George L. Mosse’s Work on Antisemitism

Antisemitism
The Holocaust
Nazism
Scholarship
German
Ideology
Judaism
Sociology
George (robot)
Religious studies
History
Political science
Law
Art history
Politics
Philosophy
Theology


Criminology, Law, & Justice and Global Asian Studies, University of Illinois , Chicago, IL, 60607,

Criminology, Law, & Justice and Global Asian Studies, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60607, United States

Political science
Art
Internet privacy
Computer science


"If one day that hour returns". The New Left between anti-fascist memories and Third Worldism

Marie Sklodowska-Curie Global Fellow; Università Ca' Foscari and University of Oxford;

This article offers a new genealogy of the New Left in Western Europe as it developed from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s. Differently from prevalent interpretations, it reassesses the historical influence of the Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962), and "Third-Worldism" more generally, in the genealogy of the new political cultures that flourished during the global 1960s. A whole generation of activists appropriated the memory of the anti-fascist Resistance, giving it a function that was not simply defensive but also proactive and merging the myth of the "betrayed Resistance" with the idea of imperialism as the "new Fascism". The European civil war, which Enzo Traverso has defined the distinctive feature of the first half of the twentieth century, was thus reconfigured worldwide as a "global civil war".

Spanish Civil War
Mythology
Resistance (ecology)
Politics
Independence (probability theory)
History
World War II
First world war
Genealogy
Economic history
Political science
Ancient history
Law
Classics


Cultural Reflections on New Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism
Conservatism
Power (physics)
Mainland China
History
Aesthetics
Sociology
Literature
Philosophy
China
Political science
Law
Democracy
Art
Politics


Western Civilization: From the “Cemetery of Nations” to the “Empire of Lies”

The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University Series Political Science and Religion Studies

Civilization
Empire
Ancient history
History
Archaeology


The Italian Right-Wing and the European Integration Process: The Case of the Italian Social Movement

The main Italian political parties are characterized by different, often diverging, visions of Europe. My article will focus on the right side of the political spectrum, a space in which very different, at times irreconcilable, instances are kept together. Their unifying element can be identified not by chance in a negation, anti-communism, although it too is declined in very different forms. Within this world, the article will deal with the Italian Social Movement (M.S.I), an extreme right-wing party that refers to fascism. The M.S.I. develops a political discourse that is in many ways redundant on Europe, considering it first and foremost a metapolitical entity rather than a historical reality. This discourse, however, developed interdependently with the party’s empathy for the Atlantic and anti-communist side.

Negation
Communism
Politics
Vision
Movement (music)
Focus (optics)
Sociology
Extreme right
Right wing
Law
Political science
Political economy
Aesthetics
Linguistics
Philosophy
Anthropology


The Fascist Kathechon and the Communist Antichrist: how AUR Party uses social media to revive interwar legionary manichean thinking

In 2020, the Alliance for the Unity of Romanians (AUR) – a recently formed and then largely unknown radical right party – managed to win seats in Parliament. Described by many as populist, nationalist, or far‑right, AUR began to reveal its affinities with the interwar Legionary Movement, the autochthonous permutation of fascism. This paper examines how AUR integrates in their political discourse interwar fascist ideas with right‑wing populism and further disseminates these narratives through its three leaders’ use of social media. It employs a hybrid empirical approach combining Natural Language Processing with Discourse Historical Analysis to critically deconstruct the discourses of AUR leaders George Simion, Claudiu Târziu and Sorin Lavric.

Communism
Social media
Religious studies
Political science
Literature
Law
Art
Philosophy
Politics


The "Krug" Society and its Contribution to the Formation of the Intellectual Heritage of the Russian Emigration and the Resistance Movement

Emigration
Resistance (ecology)
Movement (music)
Psychology
Political science
Criminology
Environmental ethics
Psychoanalysis
Aesthetics
Law
Philosophy
Biology


Letteratura e memoria: lo sguardo della donna sulla storia del Sudtirolo

The historical novels analysed express the wish to contribute to a deeper understanding of the “other”, by showing the consequences of historical events on the private lives of the excluded, primarily women. Francesca Melandri recounts the history of the region from the perspective of the women of the Huber family, attesting to the need to open up and embrace diversity. Lilli Gruber confronts taboo subjects in the German-speaking community by denouncing complicity with Nazism and international terrorist plots. Anna Rottensteiner shows the pervasiveness of fascism and the high price of disillusionment. Astrid Kofler, in contrast to the stereotype of the fascist teacher, presents a teacher who is attentive to the needs of her pupils, criticises the situation of women of the period, the social exclusion of Roma and traveller communities and the problem of their integration.

Complicity
Taboo
German
Nazism
Humanities
Social memory
Stereotype (UML)
Sociology
Art
History
Political science
Psychology
Law
Social psychology
Anthropology


The defence line of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Carinthia and Styria

Dušan Flis Primary School, Hoče pri Mariboru, Slovenia

In the 1930s, Fascism and especially Nazism threatened to change the borders established after the Great War. Countries therefore prepared for conflict by building defence lines along their borders with hostile neighbours. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia also began building a defence line, first on its western border with Italy, and after the annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938, also in Carinthia and Styria. The paper describes the planning, construction, and wartime operation of the defence line, as well as its integration into the landscape. Apart from examining archival sources and reviewing the existing literature, research also included locating individual fortifications in the field, determining their coordinates, and estimating the remaining portions of Sector 6 in Carinthia and Styria.

Line (geometry)
Political science
Mathematics
Geometry


Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Brasil

Revista Euro latinoamericana de Análisis Social y Político (RELASP)

This article places the Brazilian Bolsonaro government in comparative perspective, particularly in what refers to the surge and strengthening of extreme-right globally. It discusses the emergence of a new sort of political regime (advanced liberal oligarchy) within a more general analysis of modern political regimes (in particular liberal democracy and its crisis, fascism and bureaucratic authoritarianism), the eruption of popular mobilization since 2013 in the country (as part of a global trend), the crisis of the left and how unexpectedly an extreme-right political movement came to power in Brazil. The article then analyses the Bolsonaro government in greater detail, its right-wing posture and its relation to liberal democracy and its largely oligarchic elements, as well as moves by the opposition.

Oligarchy
Political economy
Opposition (politics)
Authoritarianism
Democracy
Politics
Political science
Liberal democracy
Populism
Bureaucracy
Development economics
Sociology
Law
Economics


Slovenské politické katolícke myslenie optikou katolíckeho modernizmu

Slovak political Catholicism was an important and controversial part of Slovak political thinking, represented by the Hlinka Slovak People’s Party during the first half of the 20th century. The party is known for its undermining of democracy, suppression of fundamental human and civil rights, and implementation of policies and ideologies inspired by fascism. Between 1940 and 1942, the party advocated the so-called Slovak National Socialism, an ideology based on the social teachings of the Catholic Church and German National Socialism. This study examines Slovak political Catholicism and its radicalization through the lens of Catholic modernism. It demonstrates that the innovation of conservative Catholic thinking and the adoption of fascist elements are specific Catholic responses to secularization, forming part of Catholic modernism.


A Violent Peace: Media, Truth, and Power at the League of Nations by Carolyn N. Biltoft (review)

Power (physics)
Modernity
League
Sociology
Authoritarianism
Law
State (computer science)
Bureaucracy
History
Political science
Democracy
Politics


Understanding Richard Washburn Child’s Authoritarian Personality: From Theodor Adorno to the Histories of Gender and Emotion

, was published by Princeton University Press in 2021. Her next project addresses the links between activism and emotions in New Left autobiographies

Katy Hull is Assistant Professor of Modern Gender History in the American Studies Department at the University of Amsterdam. Her monograph,

European Association for American Studies

The personality of Richard Washburn Child, who was the US ambassador to Italy from 1921 to 1924, bears a close resemblance to the potential fascist described by Theodor Adorno et al. in The Authoritarian Personality. Instead of the psychoanalytical explanations favored in the 1950 study, this article uses theories developed by historians of gender and emotions to understand Child’s personality. It shows how Child’s “emotional community” (which was populated by social elites but also informed by mass culture) fostered his aggressive masculinity, chauvinism, hyper-ambition, and a lack of self-criticism. These personality traits in turn lent themselves to Child’s support of Mussolini and Italian fascism. This research suggests that the authoritarian personality type is neither ahistorical nor an indelible feature of modernity, but a product of specific enabling communities.

Personality
Authoritarianism
Psychoanalysis
Masculinity
Chauvinism
Criticism
Modernity
Sociology
Psychology
Gender studies
Literature
Politics
Philosophy
Art
Epistemology
Law
Democracy
Political science


Jaroslav Čelko and his role in the development of scientific atheism as secular humanism in Slovakia

Abstract The post-war generation of Marxist Slovak intelligentsia was formed from people who had experience with the war and this experience in the fight against fascism, together with the pre-war social situation, were the main reasons of their inclinations towards the theory of socialism and at the same time caused their sharp criticism of the Church and its ideas. Jaroslav Čelko can also be included in the generation of these authors, and this paper describes and explores his ideas and their influence on the development of secular humanism during the existence of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and after its disintegration. At the same time, the aim of the paper is to evaluate the influences and connections between the ideas of scientific atheism (including examples of the works of Jaroslav Čelko) and secular humanism in Slovakia.

Humanism
Intelligentsia
Atheism
Marxist philosophy
Criticism
Socialism
Historicism
Political science
Religious studies
Social science
Sociology
Philosophy
Communism
Law
Politics


Pareto principle
Contradiction
Creed
Economics
Capitalism
Neoclassical economics
Pareto efficiency
Function (biology)
Sociology
Law
Political science
Philosophy
Operations management
Politics
Epistemology


Metalepsis Drifts: for a Figurative Reading of Conspiracy Narratives. The Example of Umberto Eco and the Conspiracy Machine

Many experts on conspiracy theory reduce the phenomenon to its rational, cognitive dimension. 1Yet the aesthetic dimension and narrative pleasure are obvious in conspiracist discourse, whose rhetoric closely follows the codes of popular fiction. Have we not underestimated the quest to “please”? We postulate a continuity between audiences’ attitudes to fiction and to “conspiracy theories”, which have become relatively indistinguishable in the contemporary context of information overload. Umberto Eco’s work is particularly illuminating in this respect, as it focuses on the indistinguishability of the true and the plausible, and metalepsis as a transgression of the fictional pact. The reception of two of his major “conspiracy” novels, Foucault’s Pendulum and The Prague Cemetery, reveals an emancipation of the metaleptic trope: the novelist, although known for his anti-fascism, finds himself accused of complacency towards anti-Semitism.

Literal and figurative language
Narrative
Reading (process)
Art
Literature
Linguistics
Philosophy


Augustan Propaganda in Late Fascist Italian Architecture

Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas

National Autonomous University of Mexico

The Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR), was the biggest complex built during Mussolini’s regime. EUR employed political strategies of propaganda that consciously set out to copy those of ancient Rome. Mussolini’s government made a constant effort to associate fascism with the emperor Augustus. Publications regarding Italian fascist architecture focus on the antagonism between Rationalism and classicism or the vast stylistic variety of Italian fascist architecture. To get a deeper insight into the notion of how fascists reused Augustan propaganda, I refer to the work of experts in Augustan architecture, which can be usefully compared to fascist documentation. The findings of this article highlight a further connection between the EUR area and its link with the Roman fora. Although this connection is not found in the extant documentation, an analysis of the architectural remains denotes the intention of expressing the aforementioned strategies.

Architecture
Classicism
Documentation
Politics
Extant taxon
Watson
History
Emperor
Government (linguistics)
Classics
Art
Political science
Law
Art history
Ancient history
Computer science
Philosophy
Archaeology


‘We Liberated Ourselves from Italians!’: Jewish Agency, Self-Organisation, and Resistance in the Italian-Occupied Dalmatia, 1941–3

Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

Judaism
Agency (philosophy)
Resistance (ecology)
Political science
Ancient history
History
Sociology
Archaeology
Biology
Social science


Jewish Italian Literature before Primo Levi and Giorgio Bassani


Paradigm of Nazi propaganda during the Great Patriotic War

Nazism
Political science
Law
History
Politics


International Security and Black Politics: A Biographical Note Toward an Institutional Critique

International relations
Politics
International security
Refugee
Racism
Law
Sociology
White (mutation)
Foreign policy
Political science
Gender studies


Violence and instrumentalism. On the margins of Tyson Lewis’s <i>Walter Benjamin’s Antifascist Education</i>

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Education, Warsaw, Poland

Nazism
Sovereignty
Power (physics)
Bildung
Philosophy
Politics
Sociology
Religious studies
Law
Epistemology
Political science


Rijksuniversiteit Groningen https://dx.doi.org/3647 Groningen The Netherlands

Abstract This special issue examines the use of classical antiquity within artistic, cultural, and political events under fascist regimes in the interwar period. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany promoted the production of ancient drama, alongside forms of theater modelled on Greek antiquity, organized grand-scale classical spectacles, and deployed ancient themes and classical-looking symbols and insignia at political gatherings and displays. The analyses presented in this special issue bring into dialogue the scholarship on theater and culture under fascist regimes with the growing literature on the reception of the classics to foreground the significance of performative practices in reconfiguring the classicizing mythologies of fascism. It is the hope of the guest editors that the findings presented here will contribute to the study of performances that strove to re-enact historical pasts beyond the scope of classical reception.

Performative utterance
Drama
Scholarship
Nazism
Mythology
Politics
Period (music)
Scope (computer science)
Literature
History
Classics
Ancient Greek
Classical antiquity
Aesthetics
Art
Law
Political science


Gioenian academicians between the two world wars: science and the fasces in the Palace

Bullettin of the Gioenia Academy of Natural Sciences of Catania

This contribution proposes the results of an exploration of documents present in the historical archive of the Gioenian Academy of Catania (Italy), concerning active members of the association during the period 1923-1945. Research shows that during events such as fascism, anti-Jewish persecution and anti-fascist purge, in the vicissitudes of academic associates, mostly naturalists and mathematicians, there is a common plot that makes them indistinguishable or in communion with the experiences of colleagues of humanistic or economic disciplines active and/or processed in the same period. The Gioenian academicians have lived, suffered and repeated gestures of surveillance, accusation and defense that go beyond their specialist knowledge. They fit perfectly into a conceptual framework aimed at outlining the anti-Jewish purge first and anti-fascist after as events of transition towards a country that has returned to democracy after World War II.

Persecution
Period (music)
Humanism
Democracy
False accusation
Judaism
Plot (graphics)
World War II
History
Obituary
Sociology
Art history
Political science
Art
Law
Aesthetics
Politics
Archaeology


The Italian Resistance: historical junctures and new perspectives

School of Arts and Humanities, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

Department of Political Sciences, Luiss University, Rome, Italy

Abstract This introduction to this special issue of Modern Italy explores how the emphasis on fascism in recent scholarship and public discourse risks its mythification and cultural rehabilitation, and urges a rebalancing of historiography to highlight the pivotal role of the Italian Resistance in shaping Italy’s democratic identity. Marking the eightieth anniversary of Italy’s liberation and the thirtieth anniversary of Modern Italy , the issue examines lesser-known aspects of the Resistance, such as marginal groups, gendered experiences and transnational perspectives. Contributions include studies on Roma Resistance fighters, the Catholic underground press, American soldiers of Italian descent, and women in the Liberal Party. The articles emphasise the liminality and creative potential of the Resistance as a transformative period that redefined political and cultural identities.

Resistance (ecology)
Political science
History
Biology


Contested Memories in the Border Town of Trieste: A Comparative Analysis of the Risiera di San Sabba and The Foiba di Basovizza

Micol Meghnagi
Lorenzo Posocco
Valerio Angeletti

Centre For War Studies , 8797 University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland

Abstract This article analyses the Risiera di San Sabba, the museum of the only Nazi concentration camp in Italy with a crematorium, and the Foiba di Basovizza, the prominent memorial commemorating the mass killing of Italians carried out by Yugoslav Partisans, examining how they exhibit Italian complicity with Nazi Germany and shed light on the politics of memory in Italy’s post-war history. Through a theoretical framework grounded on theories of nationalism, the argument that will be put forward is that the mentioned museums represent fascism as an alien object and Italians as victims/freedom fighters, neglecting Italy’s direct involvement in the Holocaust. Concluding remarks will suggest that the historical lack of critical analysis enabled the juxtaposition of the memory of the Holocaust with the Foibe, paving the ground for the proliferation of post-fascist historical accounts and their institutionalisation as manifest in Italy’s current political landscape.

The Holocaust
Nazism
Complicity
Nationalism
Politics
Argument (complex analysis)
Object (grammar)
Institutionalisation
History
Historicity (philosophy)
Historicism
Sociology
Political science
Law
Philosophy


The Joy of Justice: <i>Les Misérables</i> and Rosalie Abella

Justice, German Federal Constitutional Court; Professor of Public Law and Gender Studies, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany

* Justice, German Federal Constitutional Court

Humility
Universalism
Doctrine
Pragmatism
Law
Economic Justice
Autocracy
Law and economics
Realism
Sociology
Political science
Epistemology
Philosophy
Politics
Democracy


On Soviet criticism of fascist interpretation of Hegel: the case of V. F. Asmus

School of Philosophy and Cultural Studies, Faculty of Humanities, HSE University, Moscow, Russia

Hegelianism
Criticism
Interpretation (philosophy)
German
Philosophy
Dialectic
Political philosophy
Appropriation
Context (archaeology)
Epistemology
Politics
Humanism
Law
History
Political science
Theology


Majewska, E. (2021). Feminist Antifascism: Counterpublics of the Common. London: Verso Books. Review by Jonas Vanderschueren

DiGeSt Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies

‘If there is an eight-year-old girl somewhere who is desperately willing to kick some patriarchal, neo-Nazi ass. This book was written for her.’ (Majewska, 2021, p. 30). This dedication is an excellent summary of the stated aim of Polish feminist philosopher Ewa Majewska’s book Feminist Antifascism: Counterpublics of the Common. It sets out to theoretically ground a series of activist tactics and strategies that have emerged in the face of creeping authoritarianism and the rise of the fascist alt-right movement in the 2010s and 2020s. The book tries to counterpose to this conservative turn , a more militant and assertive transnational feminist movement, which finds itself at the heart of contemporary anti-fascist politics. The result is a convincing theoretical framework, not merely aimed at resisting fascism, but also filled to the brim with potentiality to effect radical emancipatory change.


Between Ideological Nostalgia and Utopia: History Proves That Paradise Lost Was Never Like That

Public University “Kadri Zeka”, Gjilan, Republic of Kosova

The period between the two world wars brought the dissolution of the empires – Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman. The creation of nation-states followed, along with economic and political transformations, along with the deepening of the ideological course, which would bring Bolshevik communism to Russia, and fascism to Europe. The collapse of Yugoslavia can be considered a warning for a new world order. Meanwhile, the collapse of the USSR and the end of the Cold War had put an end to the utopia of real socialism of the Russian model. See for this the fall of Yugoslavia was not simply a local event. It foreshadowed the transition of society to a new order, where wars, ethnic cleansing, and tensions between states and ethnic groups would continue to be an important part of global politics. This essay addresses precisely these challenges that continue to accompany the former Yugoslavia three decades after its collapse.

Utopia
Paradise
Ideology
Art
Aesthetics
Art history
Philosophy
Literature
Political science
Politics
Law


Affiliation (Department of Sociology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

USURJ University of Saskatchewan Undergraduate Research Journal

The following is a mixed methods case study of ID Canada, an outspoken anti-diversity, white nationalist, grassroots Canadian “Identitarian” group. It aims to answer the question “What strategies do groups with views outside of mainstream acceptability use to appeal to the public?” To this end, I performed a thematic analysis on their published web content and attempted to integrate these insights with the group’s history and relevant sociological theory. I extracted four main themes, representing the presence of “White Supremacist Beliefs”, the cultural “Struggle for History”, an insistence on “Victimhood”, and various direct attempts at “Distancing from White Supremacy”. I explore the connections between these strategies and fascism as described by Umberto Eco (1995), as well as the performative nature of ID Canada, and its place within different conceptions of the public sphere.

Grassroots
Appeal
Performative utterance
White (mutation)
Mainstream
Nationalism
Sociology
White supremacy
Public sphere
Gender studies
Distancing
Thematic analysis
Media studies
Diversity (politics)
Aesthetics
Political science
Social science
Politics
Anthropology
Law
Race (biology)
Qualitative research
Art
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)


Liberalism and nationalism: An analytical perspective on their relationship with Christianity

The aim of this article is to carry out a conceptual analysis of liberalism and nationalism and their relationship with Christianity. To this end, we employ a qualitative methodology, a theoretical-reflexive approach a documentary analysis, to determine why and how liberalism and nationalism have influenced Christianity. We conclude that nationalism, in addition to shaping secularization, has caused a rupture with Christian principles and values by elevating the national interest above other ideals, thus validating wars. Liberalism, meanwhile, has also shaped secularization, emphasizing the principle of subsidiarity and the value of democracy. For its part, the Catholic Church has rejected waging war and violating people’s essential rights in the name of nationalism. It has been flexible regarding the principle of subsidiarity, considering the role of democracy as a form of government and constituting the Vatican City State to escape from an exacerbated nationalism as in the case of fascism.

Secularization
Nationalism
Liberalism
Subsidiarity
Democracy
Christianity
Sociology
Political science
Law
Religious studies
Political economy
Philosophy
Politics
Economics
European union


G. V. Ivanov’s Essays Across Europe by Car: The Image of Germany in the 1930s

Уральский государственный педагогический университет, Екатеринбург

Izvestia of the Ural federal university Series 2 Humanities and Arts

G. Ivanov’s essays Across Europe by Car describing the circumstances of the author’s real trip from Riga to Paris have signs of the genre of travel notes or travelogue. The theoretical basis the author uses to study Ivanov’s essays is the idea of the travelogue as a synthetic genre existing in a variety of forms. In the essays the article examines, travel turns into a political pamphlet. The essays meticulously reproduce the itinerary, place names, peculiarities of the way of life, architecture, and everyday details. However, the main content of the cycle focuses on Germany in the 1930s seized by the ideology of fascism. The caricature nature of the sketches borders on grotesque. Not only the leaders of Germany, but also Russian fascists (Bermondt-Avalov, Vonsyatsky, Pelhau) are depicted satirically. Describing the history of the Russian National Liberation Movement, a fascist union of Russian emigrants, Ivanov shows the reasons that attracted poverty-stricken emigrants to the organisation: the union promised protection to its members, gave them the illusion of a common cause, and seduced them with the hope of returning to Russia. The position of the author himself is quite unambiguous — he hates fascism which turns people into an obedient crowd, hypnotised by the speeches of the leaders. Sketches about Germany are framed by sketches about border towns and villages: the narrator enters through Lithuanian Šiauliai, and the description of the journey ends with his arrival at a border post in France. The beginning and the end of the essay cycle echo each other: on both sides, there are visible traces of the previous war, and the two places share a somewhat disordered but charming everyday life which is described with good humour. The main character is happy to leave Germany. However, the nation engulfed in the propaganda of its own greatness, full of belligerence already casts a shadow of threat on the neighbouring countries. At the same time, the old story of Duke Biron recounted in the essays indirectly expresses the author’s hope that every almighty despot will have to pay for his atrocities sooner or later.

Emigration
Ideology
Politics
History
Literature
Art history
Sociology
Art
Law
Political science


The Great War and the Civil Religion in Russia. The Battle of World Projects

Battle
Spanish Civil War
Political science
Ancient history
Economic history
History
Law


University College London https://dx.doi.org/4919 London UK

Abstract This article discusses the practices of documentation and archiving related to classical performance in the Italian Fascist regime, and their implications for the study of fascist art and culture more widely. The first part discusses a number of institutions as the sites of Italian Fascism’s archiving of classical performance. The second part, drawing on the work of Eric Ketelaar and Amalia G. Sabiescu, considers how Italian Fascism made use of the historically connoted ‘cultural tools’ of ancient Greek theatre as ‘living archives’. It discusses the aesthetic means that came to characterize all classical performances as living archives and considers the use of ancient Greek and Roman sites all over the peninsula and in colonized Libya as the archival sites of the classical performances. In the conclusion, it argues that the combination of performance and archives empowered these cultural tools to become the means for the reconstruction and transmission of Fascism’s newly crafted social memory and identity of the Italian nation.

Documentation
Identity (music)
History
Peninsula
Cultural institution
Cultural memory
Classics
Sociology
Art
Anthropology
Archaeology
Aesthetics
Computer science


‘Organic unity through a new order’: Ideas of corporatism and the Norwegian Nasjonal Samling

Université libre de Berlin • Martin Kristoffer Hamre est chercheur à la Graduate School for Global Intellectual History de l’université libre de Berlin (Freie Universität). Il est titulaire d’un master conjoint en histoire européenne de l’université Humboldt de Berlin et du King’s College de Londres, ainsi que d’une licence en histoire et en philosophie/éthique de l’université Humboldt de Berlin. Son projet de doctorat analyse les notions et les activités de l’internationalisme fasciste dans les années 1930 en étudiant plusieurs organisations internationales, réseaux transnationaux et partis européens mineurs. Il a notamment publié « ‘Nationalists of all countries, unite!’: Hans Keller and Nazi internationalism in the 1930s » (« Nationalistes de tous les pays, unissez-vous ! Hans Keller et l’internationalisme nazi dans les années 1930 ») dans la revue

Université libre de Berlin • Martin Kristoffer Hamre est chercheur à la Graduate School for Global Intellectual History de l'université libre de Berlin (Freie Universität). Il est titulaire d'un master conjoint en histoire européenne de l'université Humboldt de Berlin et du King's College de Londres, ainsi que d'une licence en histoire et en philosophie/éthique de l'université Humboldt de Berlin. Son projet de doctorat analyse les notions et les activités de l'internationalisme fasciste dans les années 1930 en étudiant plusieurs organisations internationales, réseaux transnationaux et partis européens mineurs. Il a notamment publié « 'Nationalists of all countries, unite!': Hans Keller and Nazi internationalism in the 1930s » (« Nationalistes de tous les pays, unissez-vous ! Hans Keller et l'internationalisme nazi dans les années 1930 ») dans la revue

École Normale Supérieure de Lyon Editions

This paper analyses the complex relationship between ideas of corporatism, the Norwegian fascist party Nasjonal Samling (National Unity, NS), fascist Italy, and fascist internationalism in the 1930s. It demonstrates how the NS fused the foreign corporative model provided by fascist Italy with nativist traditions and used corporatism to its ends as a signifier for a national and international ‘new order’ on the rise, based on ideas of solidarity. The NS party manifesto from 1934 envisioned corporatism as a promising alternative to capitalist liberalism and as a solution to the parliamentary crisis. The corporatist NS program also facilitated connections between the Norwegian party and Italian Fascism, culminating in the idea of corporatism as a uniting principle of fascist internationalism in the mid-1930s. Finally, the paper discusses briefly the legacy of the corporatist NS program and its fragmentary implementation in the 1940s during the German occupation of Norway (1940-1945).

Corporatism
Internationalism (politics)
Manifesto
Political science
Norwegian
Political economy
Liberalism
Solidarity
Economic history
Law
Sociology
Economics
Philosophy
Politics


The search for a secular religion to achieve the nationalization of the masses in early 20th-century Italy

The aim of this research is to identify the specific characteristics of the process of societal fascization through the creation of a state religion in Italy. The article examines the Fascist state’s search for a secular religion in order to nationalize the masses, a process that was accompanied by the mythologization of the concepts of “Fatherland” and “Duce”. The monopolization of patriotic rituals is investigated against the backdrop of the prohibition of any other type of party liturgy that contradicts the Fascist regime. The scientific novelty of the research consists of analyzing Fascist communications in the process of creating a religious structure during the “black twenty years” in Italy. As a result of the research, it has been established that the “rituals” of the twenty years of Fascism in Italy, which seem almost elevated to a kind of “political religion”, and the myth of the Duce gained strength in the nationalist movement, in a project that definitively abandoned everything liberal and humane in the "religion of the homeland" of the Risorgimento. The idea of a “political religion” absolutized the cult of the homeland as a “living deity”.

Secular variation
Political science
Secular education
Secular state
Ancient history
History
Economic history
Sociology
Demography
Law
Politics


Department of History, Drawing, and Restoration of Architecture, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy

Indipendent Researcher, 00185 Rome, Italy

Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute

In 1933, Renato Ricci, President of the Opera Nazionale Balilla, proposed to move the place of Benito Mussolini’s gatherings from Piazza Venezia to the slopes of Monte Mario, into the Foro Mussolini, a complex mainly dedicated to sport activities. Ricci entrusted Luigi Moretti with the design of the vast esplanade of the Arengo delle Nazioni and a huge bronze statue of the Genius of Fascism upon the hill of Monte Mario, which was to incarnate the physiognomy of Mussolini himself. For the first time, the projects produced by a group of engineers, architects—Mansutti and Miozzo, Paniconi and Pediconi, Del Debbio, and Moretti himself—and Aroldo Bellini, the sculptor chosen to create the new Colossus of Rome, are here systematically reordered, analyzed, and discussed in the historical, political, and artistic scenarios of 1930s Italy to reconstruct a forgotten chapter of the megalomaniacal plans promoted by the fascist regime to turn Rome into the capital of a new empire.

Colossus computer
Statue
Art
Humanities
Genius
Politics
Capital (architecture)
Successor cardinal
Art history
Classics
Political science
Law
Visual arts
Computer science


Fascist Racism and Modernist Animals: Toward a Posthuman Sovereignty

Posthuman
Biopower
Humanity
Sovereignty
Dehumanization
Racism
Posthumanism
Environmental ethics
Sociology
Dominance (genetics)
Aesthetics
Gender studies
Politics
Philosophy
Law
Political science
Anthropology


Drawing a ‘revolutionary we’: queer antifascist lines for universal liberation

This paper explores drawing as a queer antifascist praxis. Discussing ‘who’ comes together through the line drawings that were included in the Gay Liberation Front’s (GLF) main newspaper Come Together in the 1970s, I explore how drawing can construct a ‘we’ as a group agent. Based on distinctions that the GLF drew between revolution and liberal reform, and between universal liberation and identity politics, drawing as a liberatory praxis constitutes a space for interrogating connections between revolution and fascism, including microfascist aspects within revolutionary processes. Examining this space in relation to exploring social and urban relations, I propose drawing as a process of antifascist subjectification for a future of sexual becoming. I argue that when queering and antifascisting come together – drawing a ‘revolutionary we’ – a political horizon can be generated to end differing and interrelated forms of oppression.

Queer
Liberation
Gender studies
History
Sociology
Political science
Chemistry


Rozliczyć przeszłość? O pozornej defaszyzacji Włoch w okresie transformacji (1943-1948)

RECKONING WITH THE PAST? ON THE ILLUSORY DE-FASCISATION OF ITALY IN THE PERIOD OF TRANSFORMATION (1943-1948) This chapter discusses de-fascisation process in Italy during the systemic transformation in 1943-1948. It will examine whether the national reconciliation policy pursued by the Alcide De Gasperi’s governments in the second half of the 1940s contributed to the emergence of a societal vision of Mussolini’s relatively mild dictatorship, which in turn made full reckoning with the fascist legacy impossible. More specifically, the chapter discusses the following issues: 1) illusory de-fascisation of Italy’s administrative apparatus, 2) the Togliatti amnesty and the absence of Italian Nuremberg, 3) anti-fascist milieu narratives on fascism as a closed chapter in national history, and 4) the phenomenon of the renaissance of neo-fascist groups against the background explicit legal norms prohibiting practicing any form of apology for the Mussolini.

Dictatorship
Amnesty
Period (music)
Phenomenon
The Renaissance
Political science
Economic history
Law
Humanities
History
Sociology
Art
Art history
Philosophy
Aesthetics
Human rights
Politics
Epistemology


University of Trieste https://dx.doi.org/9315 Italy Trieste

Abstract The creation of the Fascist New Man was one of the primary objectives of the Mussolini regime. This article aims to examine the theme by way of a specific case study of the physician and Fascist party official Giorgio Alberto Chiurco. A Fascist ‘of the first hour’ and faithful follower of Mussolini, Chiurco expressed his commitment to the project of creating a new Italian man with activity in various sectors. In medicine and sports, by promoting the training of new generations that would be healthy and athletic. In eugenics, by promoting the defense of the national genetic heritage from the ‘peril’ of contamination. In politics and culture, by promoting the so-called fascistization of schools and universities. All this activity shows, on the one hand, the important contribution made by single individuals to the totalitarian project of the regime and, on the other, the efficacy with which Fascism succeeded in orienting the activities of intellectuals and scientists on a national and international level.

Eugenics
Politics
Theme (computing)
Political science
Cultural heritage
National heritage
Sociology
Law
Public administration
Ethnology


Pro-Fascist Hesitations of Western “Democracies” in the Interwar Period and on the Eve of the Second World War: Revisiting the Need to Analyze the Essence of Ideologies in the Specific Context of Historical Socio-Political and Diplomatic Circumstances

Financial University; “STC” Llc; “S.T.C.” Analytical group

Humanities and Social Sciences Bulletin of the Financial University

Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation

The article provides examples of anti-sovietism motivated sympathies of Western political circles for fascist-type regimes in the interwar period. It is concluded that in order to combat the falsification of history and the distortion of information through the memory and identity politics implemented by a number of states, it is necessary to study and widely publicize the historical, socio-political and diplomatic circumstances of the policy of Western countries on the eve of the Second World War. An important condition for the fight against falsification of history and tendentious coverage of historical facts is to identify the real essence and conditions for the emergence of political regimes of the fascist type in a specific historical context, as well as to counteract attempts of modern interpretations of the essence of fascism, taken out of context and dictated by the tasks of the current political situation, propaganda and information warfare aimed at distorting the historical role of the Soviet Union and undermining the “soft” power and value sovereignty of the Russian Federation as a successor state.

Ideology
Period (music)
Interwar period
Context (archaeology)
First world war
Political science
World War II
Economic history
Political economy
History
Ancient history
Law
Sociology
Politics
Philosophy
Archaeology
Aesthetics


Mythos and Pathos: Herakles in Peter Weiss’s <i>The Aesthetics of Resistance</i>

Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA

The Germanic Review Literature Culture Theory

Pathos
Mythology
Resistance (ecology)
Ideology
Nazism
Politics
Art
Philosophy
Art history
Literature
Aesthetics
Law
Political science


International historiography of modern Italy since 1945. Developments and trends

Historiography
Internationalization
Politics
Globalization
Context (archaeology)
History
Marxist historiography
Political science
Social science
Sociology
Law
Archaeology
Marxist philosophy
Economics


Critical Computation Bureau
Ezekiel Dixon-Román
Luciana Parisi
Oana Pârvan
Tiziana Terranova
Ezekiel Dixon-Román
Luciana Parisi
Oana Pârvan
Tiziana Terranova

Department of Curriculum & Teaching and the Edmund W. Gordon Institute for Advanced Study, Teachers College, Columbia University , New York, NY,

Program in Literature, Duke University , Durham, NC,

Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Naples, ‘L’Orientale’ , Naples,


The Influence of Federico García Lorca on Dai Wangshu’s Left-Wing Poetry Creation: The Theme of Death

School of Foreign Languages Shandong Normal University Jinan (China) 250300

Sinología hispánica China Studies Review

Federico García Lorca was one of the representative poets of the Generation of ’27. His works demonstrate a strong opposition against the Spanish fascism. His contemporary poet Dai Wangshu got inspiration from his poems, which changed the direction of the Chinese poet’s creation. García Lorca’s comprehension of death led Dai to think over death, a theme he had never touched upon in his earlier poems. Dai got rid of his fear of death and started to express his understanding of death in his poems against the Fascist Japanese invaders at that time. Adopting an approach of the Aesthetic of Reception, the present article intends to analyze how García Lorca, his attitudes towards death and his way of putting it in his poems, made a deep left-wing influence on the Chinese poet.

Garcia
Poetry
Theme (computing)
Art
Left-wing politics
Humanities
Literature
Art history
Political science
Politics
Law
Computer science


Stanje in notranja razmerja v slovenskem naprednem (liberalnem) taboru na pragu 2. svetovne vojne

The article provides an outline of the development of the internal relations and divisions in the Slovenian progressive (liberal) camp in the years just before the Second World War and upon its start. After falling from power in 1935, the progressive camp was weak and internally fragmented. At the same time, the range of groups and ideological orientations found under the “progressive” umbrella was extremely wide as it extended far to the left and right sides of the political spectrum. The youth, in particular, were distinctly ideologically differentiated and radicalised. Some of them were highly susceptible to radical political approaches and moved towards fascism and communism. Especially when viewing the wider ideological camp, it is thus partly justified to posit a process of disintegration. At the same time, at least the core part maintained a consciousness of belonging to a common political camp, which was reflected by renewed connections between parties and groups on the eve of the war.

Ideology
Communism
Power (physics)
Politics
Consciousness
Political science
Political economy
Economic history
Sociology
Gender studies
Religious studies
Law
History
Philosophy
Epistemology


The Memory Police: Rehashing the Image of Totalitarianism or Intentionally Anachronistic Writing?

Faculty of Media and Communications, Singidunum University, Belgrade Serbia

Singidunum University. Faculty of Media and Communications

Literary images, followed by their visual interpretation in diverse film adaptations have effective impact of reinforcing the “knowledge” about certain political ideologies. The cultural representation of fascism and totalitarianism seems to be reductively limited to its repetitive features of definite suppression of freedom and brutal control. Yoko Ogawa’s dystopian novel The Memory Police (1994) depicts the state of affairs of a novelist on an unnamed island where inhabitants are subjugated to oppressive regime of the Memory Police enabling the total amnesia of all the objects disappearing from everyday life. My intention is to explore whether Ogawa’s literary images challenge or underpin the previously established imagery of existing power structures. Further, I will discuss the notion of anachronism both as motif and (intended) literary approach. This novel is also analyzed through its allegory about the future perspective of the written word in the indifferent and oblivious world.

Anachronism
Psychology
History
Political science
Law
Politics


Insubordination of the “Cold War Co-prosperity Sphere” after the War and Japan’s Revival Theory : Discovery and Application of “Articulation” in the Modern Era

한림대학교 일본학연구소 HK교수
SungKon JUN

Modernity
Period (music)
History
Sociology
Aesthetics
Philosophy
Epistemology


The shock of the War and the advent of technocracy. The archipelago State and the birth of economic public bodies in Italy

Abstract The article considers the transformations in Italian public administration induced by the Great War. In particular, it focuses on the birth and spread of economic public bodies that changed the relationship between state and market between the two wars; they introduced a new organizational formula parallel to ordinary public administration; they redesigned the relationship between public and private sector; they created a technocratic elite that went through fascism and played a fundamental role in the first phase of the republic. The Italian State, with the birth of public bodies, suffered a flight from the center of government administration in favor of new financial and industrial administrations which played a central role in the economy and politics for decades. Thus, it was born the archipelago state and the government through public bodies which characterized the first fifty years of republican history and whose influences on the Italian political system are still evident today.

State (computer science)
Politics
Elite
Spanish Civil War
Government (linguistics)
Archipelago
Administration (probate law)


Trieste before and after the First World War : From a Place of Ethnic Conflict to an Italian City

Nationalism
Theme (computing)
World War II
Ethnic group
Diversity (politics)
First world war
Political science
Hybridity
Ethnic conflict
Political economy
History
Sociology
Economic history
Law
Ancient history
Anthropology


The Iron Guard in An Italian Military-Diplomatic Report of 1934 Sent to Benito Mussolini: Evaluation, Collaboration, Financing

Institutul de Istorie „George Barițiu” al Academiei Române din Cluj-Napoca

Anuarul Institutului de Istorie George Bariţiu Series Historica

The history of the Iron Guard, an interwar extremist organization, is well known. However, there are some documents that highlight little-known diplomatic assessments. The present study focuses on two diplomatic-military evaluations from 1934 of the Italian Legation in Bucharest. Italy’s interest in the Iron Guard is affirmed, but only for the future, meanwhile for the year 1934 the movement is to be followed and evaluated. The lack of a solid ideological affiliation between the Iron Guard and Italian fascism is demonstrated by the Italian side. For Italian diplomacy, the extreme right association can be useful in the competition with France and the Nazi regime. According to diplomatic assessments, the Nazi regime financed the Iron Guard, but no longer does so, demanding guarantees for the future. The Italian side claims that a possible financing of the Romanian extreme right must be done only when the Iron Guard will be close to taking power.

Guard (computer science)
National guard
Political science
Ancient history
History
Computer science
Public administration


Furies, Workers and Organizers: Women and Anti-war Protest in Italy, 1914–1918

Political science
Gender studies
History
Sociology


Our Palestine: Insights into Middle Eastern Affairs from the Archives of Szlomo Nachum Perla

Kyiv National Linguistic University (Kyiv, Ukraine)

University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw

This research essay delves into the propaganda efforts and underground activities of the Revisionist Zionists, led by Włodzimierz Jabotinsky, in the initial years of the People's Republic of Poland. The Revisionist Zionists, the most right-wing segment of the Zionist movement, aimed to reestablish a Jewish state across the territories of modern Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority. This study focuses on the clandestine operations and ideological campaigns of prominent figures such as Szlomo Nachum Perla, Dawid Drażnin, and Perec Laskier from 1944 to 1949. Despite facing severe restrictions and accusations of fascism, these activists continued their efforts, publishing bulletins like "Jedijon" to spread their message. The essay critically examines the radical critique of British policies in the Middle East, the challenges of Jewish emigration, and the internal dynamics within the Zionist movement. Through an analysis of archival materials and personal accounts, this research provides a detailed insight into the activities and influence of the Revisionist Zionists on the Jewish nationalist discourse in post-war Poland.


Children of the Great Patriotic War (Historical and Cultural Aspect). On the 80th Anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945

Zinaida T. Golenkova
Asya V. Voropaeva
Larisa Yu. Korosteleva

Общество философия история культура

Victory
History
Ancient history
Political science
Law
Politics


Adorno, a educação contra a barbárie e o cenário brasileiro

Luciano Teixeira Dias
Marcos Roberto de Faria

Rede Municipal de Ensino de Alfenas
Universidade Federal de Alfenas

The purpose of this article is to address a significant far-right political phenomenon that is emerging in Brazilian society, particularly in the sphere of basic education, stirring up controversy in school communities and in the field of education research. We noticed that the outcome of the drafting of the National Common Curricular Base (BNCC), published in 2018, took place at the dawn of the political and educational experience that we are now discussing. Against this backdrop, we analyzed the context in which the document was implemented. We are looking precisely at whether the BNCC document is based on a perspective that is considered emancipatory, within the conceptual framework offered by Theodor Adorno's (1995) critical theory, due to his concern with the theme of emancipation in the educational sphere. In conclusion, we emphasize that the emerging social forces of neoliberalism and Brazilian-style fascism have guided the production – and not the determination – of the pedagogical guidelines that currently prescribe what should be taught in the teaching profession in the country's public and private schools.


A Study of the Establishment and Development of the Young Egypt Association

College of History and Tourism Culture, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China

The Young Egypt Association is the predecessor of the Young Egypt Party. Its founder is Ahmed Hussein. In the early 1930s, Hussein became popular among the young generation through the Piast Plan, which also gave him access to Egypt's upper-level politics. In 1933, Hussein relied on the popularity accumulated by the Piast Plan to establish the Young Egypt Association. The Young Egypt Association is a nationalist patriotic organization with young people as its main group. The association is influenced by European fascism and advocates force. Its members call themselves fighters. From 1933 to 1935, the Young Egyptian Association mainly developed its power among students and competed with the Wafd Party for supporters in universities and middle schools. From 1935 to 1936, the Young Egypt Association played a leading role in an anti-British patriotic movement. The ideas of the Young Egypt Association spread during the movement also deeply influenced the young generation of Egypt throughout the 1930s.

Association (psychology)
Psychology
Psychotherapist


To What Extent Was There Western Influence over Chiang Kai-shek Leading up to the Civil War?

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media

This paper investigates the extent to which Chiang Kai-sheks political ideology and strategies leading up to the Chinese Civil War were influenced by Western powers. By analyzing Chiangs interactions with European fascism, Soviet communism, and U.S. military and economic support, this work examines how foreign powers shaped his governance and anti-communist stance. The findings reveal that, while Chiang selectively incorporated Western methodologies, his leadership remained deeply rooted in Confucian principles and his commitment to Chinas sovereignty. Chiang utilized Western resources to further his nationalist agenda while resisting full alignment with them, as evidenced by his selective adoption of fascist methods, skepticism of Soviet alliances, and conflict with American military advisors during the war against Japan. This work highlights Chiangs malleable strategy of embracing foreign support while preserving autonomy, which offers an of his leadership regarding external influences.

Spanish Civil War
Political science
Ancient history
Economic history
History
Law


Kryzys gospodarczy, faszyzm i „warstwy pośrednie”. Reakcje polskich socjalistów na zwycięstwo nazizmu w Niemczech

Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem

The decline of the democratic Weimar Republic and NSDAP’s rise to power in 1933 caused a huge political uproar, especially among European socialists and social democrats. For many decades German SPD was a role-model for other socialist parties. The German working class was also perceived as the best organized and the most politically educated in all of Europe. Therefore, as Gerd-Reiner Horn noticed in his path-breaking study, the period of about 40 months after the creation of Hitler’s cabinet was a time of extremely intensive (and perhaps most passionate in the interwar period) discussion on strategy and political practice of the European socialist movement. In the following article, the Polish part of this debate is presented in detail. I examine official resolutions and ideological statements of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), polemic pamphlets, the wide range of comments and political analyses published in socialist press, police reports, etc., in order to address three main issues: 1. in what way the Nazi Party’s rise to power catalyzed the process of radicalization among Polish socialists; 2. what the connection is between socialists’ opinion on the social basis of the German fascist movement and the evolution of their political strategy; 3. to what extent their diagnoses regarding the social basis of fascist movements in general determined their views on the possible evolution of the Nazi regime. I argue that the tragedy of SPD made Polish socialists more sensitive to the role of emotions in political mobilization and urged them to reevaluate some of their previous propaganda techniques. According to the majority of acclaimed socialist intellectuals, fascism was objectively a procapitalist movement, the social basis of which was composed of pauperized and disorientated “middle strata” (e.g. shopkeepers, clerks, artisans, peasants, unemployed youth, etc.). In orthodox Marxism these groups were perceived as declining and deprived of genuine historical agency. But the Nazi rise to power showed that they have immense political potential and their support may be decisive for the result of the clash between socialism and fascism. Thus, the question of how to mobilize the majority of the “middle strata” in favor of socialism became a crucial part of debates among Polish socialists in the mid-1930s. As I argue, different answers for this crucial question determined profound tactical differences and contributed to harsh arguments on PPS’s politics.

Social Democratic Party
Nazism
Politics
Ideology
Political science
Weimar Republic
German
Economic history
Socialism
Power (physics)
Fatherland
Democracy
Law
Political economy
Humanities
Communism
Sociology
History
Philosophy


Revolutions Aesthetic: A Cultural History of Ba‘thist Syria

joelpar1@tauex.tau.ac.il, Tel Aviv University

Cultural history
History
Aesthetics
Ancient history
Anthropology
Art
Sociology


Socratic method
Face (sociological concept)
Postmodernism
Philosophy
Writ
Politics
SOCRATES
Epistemology
Law
Political science


Rethinking <i>Campanilismo</i> : Community and Conflict in Fascist Arezzo, 1922–1928

History and Civilisation, European University Institute, Florence, Italy

This article looks at the everyday experiences of rural communities in the province of Arezzo, Tuscany, during the first years of Italian fascism. Following an approach that borrows from Alltagsgeschichte and microstoria , the article uses diaries, memoirs, local newspapers, and fascist reports to analyse the phenomenon of village parochialism, or campanilismo , in the context of fascist paramilitary violence. Firstly, it reassesses the role of campanilismo in provincial society, showing that parochialism was a function of community expression that contributed to the making of webs of ‘thin trust’ across rural communities. Secondly, the paper distinguishes the types of parochial conflict inherent to campanilismo from the violent conflicts generated by the fascist movement. Ultimately, the paper claims that fascist violence destroyed the functional mechanisms of campanilismo , replacing these with dysfunctional and terroristic violence that made the successful implementation of the fascist programme impossible in the provincial space.


Bourgeoisie
Narrative
Vision
Politics
History
Mythology
Movie theater
Resistance (ecology)
Art
Literature
Art history
Political science
Sociology
Law
Anthropology


O (Liberálnom) Fašizme Alebo Komunikačná Manipulácia Slovenských Politikov

Jazykovedný ústav Ľudovíta Štúra Slovenskej akadémie vied , Bratislava , Slovensko

Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis

Abstract Political communication is one of the socially relevant forms of public communication. Political style is characterized by being strategic and success-oriented (the goal is to influence public opinion or create a certain ideological climate). However, by engaging in the disinformation discourse, persuasion is marked by an increased degree of communicative manipulation. A manipulative communication style is characterized by a specific instrumentalization of language. The analysis of communication style focuses on the development of the topic of so-called “liberal fascism,” which, as a term, is the target of public criticism. The effectiveness of political communication is ensured by the overall stylistic shaping of texts, meaning that attention is primarily focused on the ways of presenting the speech and creating suitable (interpretative) conditions for achieving a certain effect. The aim of this paper was to analyse the methods of manipulation in political communication, which are developed in all of its aspects, i.e. at the level of the content, at the level of self-presentation, at the level of relationship and at the level of appeal.

Disinformation
Persuasion
Political communication
Style (visual arts)
Meaning (existential)
Politics
Ideology
Public opinion